Estrogen Receptor Expression in Relation to Pain Modulation and Transmission: Experimental Studies in Rats
نویسنده
چکیده
7 Introduction 9 Where do the estrogens come from? 9 a. Systemic synthesis of estrogens 9 b. Local synthesis of estrogens in the brain 10 By which cellular mechanisms do estrogens exert their effects? 11 a. Estrogen receptors 11 b. Alternative mechanisms of action 13 Where are the estrogen receptors located? 14 What physiological effects do estrogens have in the brain? 15 The nociceptive system 17 a. Structural components in nociceptive processing via the spinal cord 18 b. Structural components in nociceptive processing via the trigeminal 20 nucleus c. The endogenous opioid system 21 The effects of female gonadal hormones on pain 23 a. Animal studies 23 b. Human studies 25
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تاریخ انتشار 2009